Overall, 41 million Scopus publication records were used in the experiment. In order to benchmark the result obtained by the more experimental deep learning technique (DL), articles and journals were also mapped to the Science-Metrix classification using two commonly used techniques in bibliometrics: bibliographic coupling (BC) and direct citation (DC). Details about contacting experts or manufacturers, searching reference lists, scanning websites, and decisions about search iterations can be produced as an appendix in the final document and used for future updates. A typical process for selecting studies for inclusion in a review is as follows (the process should be detailed in the protocol for the review): Note that studies should not be omitted from a review solely on the basis of measured outcome data not being reported (see MECIR Box 4.6.b and Chapter 13). Several studies and other articles addressing issues around identifying unpublished studies have been published (Easterbrook et al 1991, Weber et al 1998, Manheimer and Anderson 2002, MacLean et al 2003, Lee et al 2008, Chan 2012, Bero 2013, Schroll et al 2013, Chapman et al 2014, Kreis et al 2014, Scherer et al 2015, Hwang et al 2016, Lampert et al 2016). PLoS One 2020; 15: e0240123. Baudard M, Yavchitz A, Ravaud P, Perrodeau E, Boutron I. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251493.g004. 2022. Section 1: Role of a Cochrane Information Specialist. The classification scheme and the design choices extend to the selection of reference groups and benchmark levels used for normalizations and comparisons. Out of sight but not out of mind: how to search for unpublished clinical trial evidence. Visualization, 2014. https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/topics/cer-methods-guide/overview. We present a scalable approach for semi-supervised learning on graph-structured data that is based on an efficient variant of convolutional neural networks which operate directly on graphs. Current convictions and controversies. How useful are unpublished data from the Food and Drug Administration in meta-analysis? As well as the studies that inform the systematic review, other studies will also be identified and these should be recorded or tagged as they are encountered, so that they can be listed in the relevant tables in the review: Duplicate publication can introduce substantial biases if studies are inadvertently included more than once in a meta-analysis (Tramr et al 1997). Systematic Reviews 2020; 9: 273. Duplicating the study selection process reduces both the risk of making mistakes and the possibility that selection is influenced by a single persons biases. The comparison is performed against bibliographic coupling-, direct citation-, and manual-based classificationsthe established and most widely used approaches in the field of bibliometrics, and by extension, in many science and innovation policy activities such as grant competition management. Many journals, even those that are available by subscription only, offer TOC alert services free of charge. Searches should be motivated directly by the eligibility criteria for the review, and it is important that all types of eligible studies are considered when planning the search. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, Chou R, Glanville J, Grimshaw JM, Hrobjartsson A, Lalu MM, Li T, Loder EW, Mayo-Wilson E, McDonald S, McGuinness LA, Stewart LA, Thomas J, Tricco AC, Welch VA, Whiting P, Moher D. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. For example, research suggests that adopting automation can reduce the need for manual screening by at least 30% and possibly more than 90%, although sometimes at the cost of up to a 5% reduction in sensitivity (O'Mara-Eves et al 2015). Dellavalle RP, Hester EJ, Heilig LF, Drake AL, Kuntzman JW, Graber M, Schilling LM. trial identification numbers (e.g. JAMA Internal Medicine 2016; 176: 1826-1833. Research Synthesis Methods 2020; 11: 14-35. Hinde S, Spackman E. Bidirectional citation searching to completion: an exploration of literature searching methods. Systematic Reviews 2013; 2: 78. One is to link together multiple reports of the same study; and the other is to use the information available in the various reports to determine which studies are eligible for inclusion. Decisions should be documented for all records identified by the search. BMJ 1996; 313: 342-343. Richardson WS, Wilson MC, Nishikawa J, Hayward RS. It is important to identify ongoing studies, so that these can be assessed for possible inclusion when a review is updated. Edwards P, Clarke M, DiGuiseppi C, Pratap S, Roberts I, Wentz R. Identification of randomized controlled trials in systematic reviews: accuracy and reliability of screening records. Trials registers should be searched for all Cochrane Reviews and other sources such as regulatory agencies and clinical study reports (CSRs) are increasingly important for identifying study results. The Library of Congress has launched the Bibliographic Framework Initiative (BIBFRAME),[6] which aims at providing a replacement for MARC that provides greater granularity and easier re-use of the data expressed in multiple catalogs. The UDC is an analytico-synthetic and faceted classification system featuring detailed vocabulary and syntax that The Bliss bibliographic classification (BC) is a library classification system that was created by Henry E. Bliss (18701955) and published in four volumes between 1940 and 1953. A recent study assessed the value of contacting trial authors and concluded that data supplied by authors modified the outcomes of some systematic reviews, but this was poorly reported in the reviews (Meursinge Reynders et al 2019). Egger M, Jni P, Bartlett C, Holenstein F, Sterne J. The model was trained on batches of 64 publications at a time and an epoch was considered passed after ~11,000 articles. Evaluating the effectiveness, efficiency, cost and value of contacting study authors in a systematic review: a case study and worked example. Bai Y, Gao J, Zou D, Li Z. Doshi P, Dickersin K, Healy D, Vedula SS, Jefferson T. Restoring invisible and abandoned trials: a call for people to publish the findings. It should not list all of the reports that were identified by an extensive search. Statistical techniques can be used to assess performance, such as capture-recapture (Spoor et al 1996, Ferrante di Ruffano et al 2012) (also known as capture-mark-recapture; (Kastner et al 2009, Lane et al 2013), or the relative recall technique (Sampson et al 2006, Sampson and McGowan 2011). Specifically, guidance on how to use data from regulatory sources is needed. For instance, the 1findr [14] database indexes the content of close to 100,000 active and inactive refereed scholarly journals, whereas the Scopus database [15] presents a more selective view of a similar corpus by selecting journals that are highly regarded by peers and/or that are the most highly cited in their fields (Fig 1). These additional records are, for the most part, identified by Cochrane Information Specialists, many of whom conduct comprehensive searches to populate CRG Specialized Registers, collecting records of trials eligible for Cochrane Reviews in their field. Although ClinicalTrials.gov is included as one of the registers within the WHO ICTRP portal, it is recommended that both ClinicalTrials.gov and the ICTRP portal are searched separately due to additional features in ClinicalTrials.gov. This might include the use of truncation and wildcards. A second edition of the system (BC2) has been in ongoing development in Britain since 1977. Search appropriate national, regional and subject-specific bibliographic databases. https://abstracts.cochrane.org/2013-quebec-city/peer-review-literature-search-strategies-does-it-make-difference. This noise may seem like a bad experimental design but is an integral part of the task facing bibliometricians. Electronic Information for Libraries (EIFL) is a similar initiative based on library consortia to support affordable licensing of journals and other sources in more than 50 low-income and transition countries in central, eastern and south-east Europe, the former Soviet Union, Africa, the Middle East and South-east Asia. This section highlights some of the issues to consider when designing search strategies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2021; 130: 13-22. The accompanying Appendix provides a list of general healthcare databases by region and healthcare databases by subject area. Note that studies may legitimately be excluded because outcomes were not measured. Many of the sources listed in this chapter and the accompanying online Technical Supplement have been brought to our attention by a variety of people over the years and we should like to acknowledge this. Available from: Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Council. Methodological developments in searching for studies for systematic reviews: past, present and future? The techniques experimented with here have been used to develop this expanded version, which currently provides a class for more than 56,000 journals, with an equal amount yet to be classified and more than 130 million scholarly articles waiting to be classified. Frandsen TF, Gildberg FA, Tingleff EB. It may also be desirable to send the same letter to other experts and pharmaceutical companies or others with an interest in the area. Mathematics and Statistics, Mathematics and Statistics (R0), Copyright Information: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2013, Series ISSN: Acknowledgements: This chapter has been developed from sections of previous editions of the Handbook co-authored since 1995 by Kay Dickersin, Julie Glanville, Kristen Larson, Carol Lefebvre, Eric Manheimer and Farhad Shokraneh. Decullier E, Huot L, Maisonneuve H. What time-lag for a retraction search on PubMed? https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251493.s001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251493.s002, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251493.s003, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251493.s004, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251493.s005, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251493.s006, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251493.s007. Bibliographic data relating to marks: September 2019: ST.61: Recommendation for the exchange of trademark legal status data. Consequently, Cochrane author teams should plan at the protocol stage not to restrict the search by language (see MECIR Box 4.3.a). Pilkington K, Boshnakova A, Clarke M, Richardson J. The three bibliographic databases generally considered to be the most important sources to search for reports of trials are CENTRAL (Noel-Storr et al 2020), MEDLINE (Halladay et al 2015, Sampson et al 2016) and Embase (Woods and Trewheellar 1998, Sampson et al 2003, Bai et al 2007).These databases are described in more detail in Sections 4.3.1.2 and 4.3.1.3 and in the No statistical test were used as we measured precision, recall, specificity, sensitivity, and F1 on the whole dataset relevant for this task (i.e., the population) as opposed to using a few random samples [26]. Instant PDF download; Readable on all devices; Own it forever; Three main innovations are introduced in order to realise this goal. Journal of the Medical Library Association 2014; 102: 177-183. We provide comprehensive empirical More than 5000 journals in about 40 languages are indexed for MEDLINE (US National Library of Medicine 2021). One is based on text words, that is terms occurring in the title, abstract or other relevant fields available in the database. This use of the Herfindahl index as an accuracy measure applied to bibliometric classification appears to have been a novel development by Boyack and Klavans [27, 28]. Google Scholar, Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA, Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, USA, Provides tools for Statistical Learning that are essential for practitioners in science, industry and other fields, Topics include linear regression, classification, resampling methods, shrinkage approaches, tree-based methods, support vector machines, and clustering, Extensive use of color graphics assist reader, Includes supplementary material: sn.pub/extras, Part of the book series: Springer Texts in Statistics (STS, volume 103), 4019 WIPO Standards are presented as recommendations and are directed to states and international organizations, in particular to their national or regional industrial property offices, to the International Bureau of WIPO, and to any other national or international institution interested in industrial property documentation. 1431-875X, Series E-ISSN: Chow TK. McGowan J, Sampson M, Salzwedel D, Cogo E, Foerster V, Lefebvre C. PRESS Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies: 2015 Guideline Explanation and Elaboration (PRESS E&E) Ottawa: CADTH; 2016a. Tsafnat G, Glasziou P, Choong MK, Dunn A, Galgani F, Coiera E. Systematic review automation technologies. Large-scale language models show promising text generation capabilities, but users cannot easily control particular aspects of the generated text. Callaway J. MEDLINE, PubMed, and PMC (PubMed Central): How are they different? Authors will need to decide for each review when to map records to studies (if multiple records refer to one study). Halladay CW, Trikalinos TA, Schmid IT, Schmid CH, Dahabreh IJ. Challenges in systematic reviews: synthesis of topics related to the delivery, organization, and financing of health care. The techniques used in the present experiment made it possible to classify both articles and journals. OCLC is a nonprofit global library organization that provides shared technology services, original research, and community programs so that libraries can better fuel learning, research, and innovation. Numbers of records are sufficient for exclusions based on initial screening of titles and abstracts. The BioASQ challenge aim at promoting methodologies and systems for large-scale biomedical semantic indexing since 2012 by hosting a competition where team try to automatically assign pubmeds mesh-terms to scholarly publication [23]. DL also has the potential to aggregate features that were usually kept apart. Chapter 5: Identifying the evidence: literature searching and evidence submission. Review teams will benefit from the skills and expertise of a medical/healthcare librarian or information specialist. Royle P, Waugh N. Should systematic reviews include searches for published errata? Date limits may be used to focus searches (Cooper et al 2018a) as long as the restriction is reported and justified (Egger et al 2003) (see MECIR Box 4.4.d). It has been found to be extremely performant in finding patterns in noisy data. Secondary reports of a study should not be discarded, however, since they may contain valuable information about the design and conduct. BMJ Open 2016; 6: e010442. The "realist search": A systematic scoping review of current practice and reporting. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2021; 133: 140-151. Aamodt M, Huurdeman H, Strmme H. Librarian Co-Authored Systematic Reviews are Associated with Lower Risk of Bias Compared to Systematic Reviews with Acknowledgement of Librarians or No Participation by Librarians. We adapt the ideas underlying the success of Deep Q-Learning to the continuous action domain. All review authors and others involved in Cochrane should adhere to copyright legislation and the terms of database licensing agreements. 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