Changes in sea surface temperature vary regionally. Water, NASA Goddard Space The surface temperature of the worlds oceans varies mainly with latitude, with the warmest waters generally near the equator and the coldest waters in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). These sea surface temperature maps are based on observations by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASAs Aqua satellite. While most parts of the worlds oceans have seen temperaturerise, a few areas have actually experienced coolingfor example, parts of the North Atlantic (see Figure 2). Bonnet S, de Vernal A, Hillaire-Marcel C, et al. This warming is a hallmark of the climate pattern El Nio, which changes rainfall patterns around the globe, causing heavy rainfall in the southern United States and severe drought in Australia, Indonesia, and southern Asia. Sea surface temperatureappears to have cooled between 1880 and 1910 (see Figure 1). Find Data. www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1. (2004) Arctic climate change: Observed and modelled temperature and sea-ice variability. The data are shown as anomalies, or differences, compared with the average sea surface temperature from 1971 to 2000. Regional effects are displayed in italics. It is based on a combination of direct measurements and satellite measurements. 03 Nov 2022 15:36:21 Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. 941-954. . For instance, the earliest data were collected by inserting a thermometer into a water sample collected by lowering a bucket from a ship. Oceans and marine resources. Monthly sea surface temperatures data were acquired . JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. Here the increase in mean annual temperature is approximately 0.02 C/year, sd 0.4) (Supplementary Figure S1). From 1901 through 2020, temperature rose at an average rate of 0.14F per decade (see Figure 1). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Data source: NOAA, 2021 The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has carefully reconstructed and filtered the data in Figure 1 to correct for biases in the different collection techniques and to minimize the effects of sampling changes over various locations and times. Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Human activities are driving the global warming trend observed since the mid-20th century. Observed climate change in Australian marine and freshwater environments. Changes in sea surface temperature vary regionally. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Sea Surface Temperature. These warm surface temperatures are a contributing factor to favorable conditions that can lead to the formation of tropical storms and hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico and off the East Coast of the United States. Extended reconstructed sea surface temperature (ERSST.v4). By 2050, over two-thirds of humanity will live in cities, resulting in higher energy consumption, greater infrastructure needs, and increased carbon emissions.Climate change impacts could affect several key urban functions via direct and indirect effects such as storms, typhoons, heat waves, sea level rise, general temperature increase, and . Changes in reef habitat and nutrient supply could dramatically alter ocean ecosystems and lead to declines in fish populations, which in turn could affect people who depend on fishing for food or jobs.2, Because the oceans continuously interact with the atmosphere, sea surface temperature can also have profound effects on global climate. The majority of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15 to 0.20C per decade. 2:38. Acad. Salt water intrusion. A black+ symbol in the middle of a square on the map means the trend shown is statistically significant. The map in Figure 2 was originally developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which calculated long-term trends based on a collection of published studies. Coral Reefs 23(3):352356. Armstrong, E.T. 4. For more information about uncertainty, variability, and statistical analysis, view the technical documentation for this indicator. Positive numbers mean the temperature is warmer than average; negative means cooler than average. Armstrong, J.F. Due to denser sampling and improvements in sampling design and measurement techniques, newer data are more precise than older data. Making our climate data record for SST longer, more stable and more accurate, Providing our data users with the different forms of data and documentation they need, Sustaining and engineering the software needed to create new version of the SST record, Innovation in the algorithms we use to achieve improvements in the SST record. Changes in sea surface temperature can alter marine ecosystems in several ways. White areas did not have enough data to calculate reliable long-term trends. Maycock, and B.C. The Causes of Climate Change. The variations in oceanographic variables, like current speed and sea surface temperature (SST), under the influence of the global warming hiatus (1993-2013), have drawn . Marine and Freshwater Research. Sea surface temperature has been consistently higher during the past three decades than at any other time since reliable observations began in 1880 (see Figure 1). Between 1993 and 2013, global warming appeared to have paused even though there was an increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases. Wednesday, November 2, 2022 WyoToday.com. U.S. Here's how you know we're official. White areas did not have enough data to calculate reliable long-term trends. Marine Micropaleontology 74(3 . Although short-lived weather events that influence ocean temperature are often washed out in monthly averages, a few events show up. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Sea level can rise by two different mechanisms with respect to climate change. Scientists from around the world serve as part of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The average global sea surface temperature has increased about 1.5 o F since 1901, an average rate of 0.13 o F per decade. To measure SST, scientists deploy temperature sensors on satellites, buoys,ships, ocean reference stations, and through marine telemetry. 2021. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS), Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, U.S. Sea surface temperature has been consistently higher during the past three decades than at any other time since reliable observations began in 1880 (see Figure 1). Increases in sea surface temperature have led to an increase in the amount of atmospheric water vapor over the oceans.3This water vapor feeds weather systems that produce precipitation, increasing the risk of heavy rain and snow (see the Heavy Precipitation and Tropical Cyclone Activity indicators). Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. In: Impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, volume II. Extended reconstructed sea surface temperature (ERSST.v5). 3. Contemporary climate change is a serious environmental issue at the regional and global levels. Because the ocean covers 71 percent of Earth's surface, scientists record sea surface temperature(SST) to understand how the ocean communicates with Earth's atmosphere. www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1. An official website of the United States government. Author: NOAA #ClimateChange #GlobalWarming . The shaded band shows the range of uncertainty in the data, based on the number of measurements collected and the precision of the methods used. Stippling indicates where . SST provides fundamental information on the global climate system. Pershing, A.J., R.B. Over this period, we note that mean land surface temperature has increased by approximately 0.6 C in the lowlands (regions with altitude less than 250 m above sea level (m.a.s.l). Remotely sensed SST data were utilized to estimate decadal change in SST with a . Sublethal effects of coral bleaching on an obligate coral feeding butterflyfish. Annual global sea surface temperature anomaly, 1880-2020 Anomaly is with respect to the 1971-2000 average, which is plotted at zero. Global Change Research Program. Sci. Ninety percent of global warming is occurring in the ocean, causing the water's internal heat to increase since modern recordkeeping began in 1955, as shown in the upper chart. Choosing a different baseline period would not change the shape of the data over time. Sci. National Centers for Environmental Information. This is another major concern in terms of the ecological impacts of climate change. 5.3. Sea surface temperature increased during the 20 th century and continues to rise. Berumen, and M.I. Working Group I contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. Download scientific diagram | Sea surface temperature and marine heat wave properties over Red+. The most obvious pattern shown in the time series is the year-round difference in sea surface temperatures between equatorial regions and the poles. In this map, the coolest waters appear in blue (approximately -2 degrees Celsius), and the warmest temperatures appear in pink-yellow (35 degrees Celsius). Today, temperature measurements are collected more systematically from ships, as well as at stationary and drifting buoys. The Arctic sea ice region is the most visible area experiencing global warming-induced climate change. Analysis shows that this trend is statistically significant. SSP1-1.9 is a very low greenhouse gas emissions scenario where carbon dioxide emissions cut to net zero around 2050. According to an ongoing temperature analysis led by scientists at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), the average global temperature on Earth has increased by at least 1.1 Celsius (1.9 Fahrenheit) since 1880. 5. How satisfied are you with the Climate Office website? 1. Only about one percent of all that trapped heat has stayed in the atmosphere, but it's had a huge effect, warming up the air by Earth's surface by about 1F (0.6C . Busch, A.C. Haynie, S.A. Siedlecki, and D. Tommasi. Coral Reefs 23(3):352356. Increases of 0.1 to 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade were found across the four oceanic regions (Chatham Rise, Tasman Sea, subtropical, and subantarctic waters) between 1981 and 2018. Chapter 6: Climate impacts on water-related illness. The second mechanism is the melting of ice over . 97(10):52975302. Climate 101: Oceans. This thermal expansion contributes to an increase in global sea level. [1] There are many significant effects of climate change on oceans including: an increase in sea surface temperature as well as ocean temperatures at greater depths, more frequent marine heatwaves, a reduction in pH value, a rise in sea level from ocean warming and ice sheet melting, sea ice decline in . The effect of climate prevails on a diverse time scale from days to seasons and decades. 5. Working Group I contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. Lewis, T.K. This global 5km Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Anomaly product, displays the difference between today's SST and the long-term average. Griffis, E.B. Alexander et al: Projected sea surface temperatures over the 21 st century Art. 3. This indicator tracks average global sea surface temperature from 1880 through 2015. This is not indicative of sea-level rise, but it is estimated that a 1-3 increase of sea water temperature will cause more frequent occurrence of coral bleaching, which will lead to death of the coral reefs. Temperatures are rising world-wide due to greenhouse gases trapping more heat in the atmosphere. Droughts are becoming longer and more extreme around the world. Tropical storms becoming more severe due to warmer ocean water temperatures. As temperatures rise there is less snowpack in mountain ranges and polar areas and the snow melts faster. Strong ENSO years bring more hot days, intense rains, windless days, active hurricane seasons, and spikes in sea surface temperature. Techniques for measuring sea surface temperature have evolved since the 1800s. Sea surface temperature datasets for climate applications from Phase 1 of the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative (SST CCI) Christopher J. Last updated: 02/26/21 Changes in sea surface temperatures reflect the overall warming trend in the climate system and, in turn, influence weather and climate patterns worldwide. 2013. Since reliable observations began in 1880, the sea surface temperature has been higher than at any other time in the past three decades. Accessed June 2016. www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/marineocean-data/noaa-global-surface-temperature-noaaglobaltemp. Reidmiller, D.R., C.W. Various warm and cool currents stand out even in monthly averages of sea surface temperature. NOAA Merged Land Ocean Global Surface Temperature Analysis (NOAAGlobalTemp): Global gridded 5 x 5 data. The post title is "A Buoy-Only Sea Surface Temperature Record Supports NOAA's Adjustments", . Diffenbaugh and Scherer (2011) defined The warming temperatures in the Pleistocene are primarily attributed to increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide that drove up tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the . A black+? 3 - Lough (2008). This indicator describes global trends in sea surface temperature. These scientists have found that from 1900-2020, the world's surface air temperature increased an average of 1.1 Celsius (nearly 2F) due to burning fossil fuels that releases carbon dioxide and other . By 2100, sea levels may rise another one to eight feet . Rapid transition in the structure of a coral reef community: The effects of coral bleaching and physical disturbance. Data source: IPCC, 20137; NOAA, 20168Web update: August2016. For instance, the earliest data were collected by inserting a thermometer into a water sample collected by lowering a bucket from a ship. Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Sea Surface Temperatures and Sea Level RiseThe Arabian Gulf Mohamed E. Hereher; Affiliations . The project aims to make climate data records for SST longer, more stable and more accurate, providing data users with different forms of data and documentation. NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). View, download, or analyze more of these data from NASA Earth Observations (NEO): All IPCC definitions taken from Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Trtanj, J., L. Jantarasami, J. Brunkard, T. Collier, J. Jacobs, E. Lipp, S. McLellan, S. Moore, H. Paerl, J. Ravenscroft, M. Sengco, and J. Thurston. The ocean is a significant influence on Earth's weather and climate. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Sea surface temperature (SST) is defined as the temperature of the top few millimeters of the ocean. Satellite sensors measure these varied temperature bands from space to calculate sea surface temperature. This model inspired the U.S. It also includes a map to show how change in sea surface temperature has varied across the worlds oceans since 1901. McCormick. Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Annex I, Glossary, pp. However, long-term measurements of climate-related variables have been limited to a small number of variables such as the sea ice concentration, extent, and area. Predictions of Future Global Climate. Changes in sea surface temperature can shift storm tracks, potentially contributing to droughts in some areas.5 Increases in sea surface temperatureare also expected to lengthen the growth season for certain bacteria that can contaminate seafood and cause foodborne illnesses, thereby increasing the risk of health effects.6. NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. https://health2016.globalchange.gov. Alternatively, answer our full survey here [en]! The resolution of the climate model is 1/4 degree for the oceans and 1 degree for the atmosphere. These data were reconstructed from measurements of water temperature, which are available from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration at: http://icoads.noaa.gov/products.html. Landmasses and the large area of sea ice around Antarctica appear in shades of gray, indicating no data were collected. Sea surface temperatureappears to have cooled between 1880 and 1910 (see Figure 1). These data were reconstructed from measurements of water temperature, which are available from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration at: https://icoads.noaa.gov/products.html. Sea surface temperaturethe temperature of the water at the ocean surfaceis an important physical attribute of the worlds oceans. On a smaller scale, ocean temperatures influence the development of tropical cyclones (hurricanes and typhoons), which draw energy from warm ocean waters to form and intensify. From 1901 through 2015, temperature rose at an average rate of 0.13F per decade (see Figure 1). Two key climate change indicators global surface temperatures and Arctic sea ice extent. Data source: IPCC, 2013;8NOAA, 20219 Since the 1880's, the average global temperature has increased by 1.8F. 2016. From 1901 through 2015, temperature rose at an average rate of 0.13F per decade (see Figure 1). For example, in December 2003, strong winds blew southwest from the Gulf of Mexico over Central America toward the Pacific Ocean, driving surface waters away from the coast, and allowing cold water from deeper in the ocean to well up to the surface. The NOAA-led U.S. 2016. This model inspired the U.S. Avery, D.R. 2004. Sea surface temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico rise due to natural summer warming. 7. Techniques for measuring sea surface temperature have evolved since the 1800s. A small lock or https:// means youve safely connected to a .gov website. Sea surface temperatures influence weather, including hurricanes, as well as plant and animal life in the ocean. Figure 2 is an updated version of a map that appeared in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changes Fifth Assessment Report (www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1), which gathered data from a variety of studies that provide the best available information about climate change. Currents like giant rivers move warm and cold water around the world's oceans. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. A measure of the average kinetic energy of the vibration of water molecules, measured or estimated at the sea surface. Since the late 1970's, average temperatures have exceeded the last century's average every year. The first animation in this group shows the long-term average sea surface temperature, with red and yellow depicting warmer waters and blue . The satellite measures the temperature of the top millimeter of the ocean surface. Global Change Research Program. This indicator tracks average global sea surface temperature from 1880 through 2020. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). As greenhouse gases trap more energy from the sun, the oceans are absorbing more heat, resulting in an increase in sea surface temperatures and rising sea level. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. An official website of the United States government. In this study, we aim to isolate the effects of sea surface temperature (SST) change (both increase and decrease) on stable water isotopes. Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) and NOAA's Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR) merge their data to provide SSTs worldwide. National Centers for Environmental Information. Isotope fractionation is strongly dependent on temperature (Gat, 1996). NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). The data are shown as anomalies, or differences, compared with the average sea surface temperature from 1971 to 2000. As a shallow water body within a hot desert, the Gulf is exposed to obvious warming in the sea surface temperatures (SST). A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. In general, hurricanes tend to form over warm ocean water whose temperature is 82 degrees . 2013. Data for Figure 1 were provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations National Centers for Environmental Information and are available online at: www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/marineocean-data/extended-reconstructed-sea-surface-temperature-ersst. Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. This map shows how average sea surface temperaturearound the world changed between 1901 and 2015. These winds are a recurring phenomenon in the area in the winter; they are known as Tehuano winds. Sea surface temperaturehasbeen consistently higher during the past three decades than at any other time since reliable observations began in 1880 (see Figure 1). 2016. Sea surface temperatures have a large influence on climate and weather. Acad. Due to denser sampling and improvements in sampling design and measurement techniques, newer data are more precise than older data. The satellite measures the temperature of the top millimeter of the ocean surface. The shaded band shows the range of uncertainty in the data, based on the number of measurements collected and the precision of the methods used. A simulation of sea-surface temperatures from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. Breaking News; Sports; Big Bull 2022; 6. Postal Service to create a Forever international rate stamp, released on Earth Day in 2014. In the Kara Sea, August 2015 SSTs were also around +4C warmer than the 1982-2010 August mean; SSTs in this sea have warmed by about +0.3C/decade since 1982. 8. Change in Sea Surface Temperature for 1) winter; 2) spring; 3) summer, and; 4) autumn; . This temperature directly or indirectly impacts the rate of all physical, chemical, and most biological processes occurring in the ocean. SST measurements benefit a wide spectrum of operational applications, including climate and seasonal monitoring/forecasting, military defense operations, validation of atmospheric models, sea turtle tracking, evaluation of coral bleaching, tourism, and commercial fisheries management. Stewart (eds.). Accessed March 2016. www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/marineocean-data/extended-reconstructed-sea-surface-temperature-ersst. The ocean covers 70% of the global surface. 4. Merchant, Owen Embury, Jonah Roberts-Jones, Emma Fiedler, Claire E. Bulgin, Gary K. Corlett, Simon Good, Alison McLaren, Nick Rayner See all authors First published: 17 September 2014 National Centers for Environmental Information. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is a union occurring in the arid subtropical belt of the world. Adding emphasis to my tweet yesterday regarding Hurricane Martin, look at the sea surface temperatures along Martin's track (map via @MichaelRLowry) No November Atlantic hurricanes have been recorded as far north as Martin is right now! 2016. Land and ocean surface temperatures are increasing. Based on the historical record, increases in sea surface temperature have largely occurred over two key periods: between 1910 and 1940, and from about 1970 to the present. This semi-closed sea is exposed to warming either by climate change or by anthropogenic stressors. In: The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: A scientific assessment. (A-C) Annual-mean near-surface atmospheric temperature change (K) for the rapid adjustment (A) and for the fast (B) and slow (C) SST-driven responses to quadrupling C O 2. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Chapter 6: Climate impacts on water-related illness. First, as the oceans warm due to an increasing global temperature, seawater expandstaking up more space in the ocean basin and causing a rise in water level. Five key greenhouse gases are CO 2, nitrous oxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons, and . U.S. It is very likely that global mean sea surface temperature increased by 0.88C between 1850-1900 and 2011-2020 due to global warming, with most of that warming (0.60C) occurring between 1980 and 2020. According to NOAA's 2021 Annual Climate Report the combined land and ocean temperature has increased at an average rate of 0.14 degrees Fahrenheit ( 0.08 degrees Celsius) per decade since 1880; however, the average rate of increase since 1981 (0.18C / 0.32F) has been more than twice that rate. This graph uses the 1971 to 2000 average as a baseline for depicting change. 2021. symbol in the middle of a square on the map means the trend shown is statistically significant. Global variations of average surface-air temperatures are largely due to latitude, continentality, ocean currents, and prevailing winds. [5] Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 2. Skip to content. For example, variations in ocean temperature can affect what species of plants, animals, and microbes are present in a location, alter migration and breeding patterns, threaten sensitive ocean life such as corals, and change the frequency and intensity of harmful algal blooms such as red tide.?1 Over the long term, increases in sea surface temperature could also reduce the circulation patterns that bring nutrients from the deep sea to surface waters. The globally averaged ocean surface temperature shows a mean warming trend of 0.062 0.013C per decade over the last 120 years (1900-2019). Working Group I contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. Moreover, global atmospheric dynamics affecting stable water isotopes (Botsyun et al., 2016) is largely controlled by surface temperature. Climate change will affect coral reef ecosystems, through sea level rise, changes to the frequency and intensity of tropical storms, and altered ocean circulation patterns. This great reservoir continuously exchanges heat, moisture, and carbon with the atmosphere, driving our weather patterns and influencing the slow, subtle changes in our climate. 6. Both components of this indicator are based on instrumental measurements of surface water temperature. Knobbe, D. Gerace, and E.P. The earlier trends shown by this indicator have less certainty because of lower sampling frequency and less precise sampling methods. from publication: Sea Surface Temperature From Observation to Applications | In a global and . Sea surface temperature increased during the 20 th century and continues to rise. The map in Figure 2 was developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which calculated long-term trends based on a collection of published studies. Sea surface temperature increased during the 20 th century and continues to rise. Committee on Climate Change - UK Climate Change Risk Assessment 2017: www.theccc.org.uk: Documents: UK Climate Change Risk Assessment 2017: www.gov.uk: Web link: UK climate change risk assessment: Government report 2012: The SST anomaly field (degrees C) is the difference between the 50 km nighttime . Working Group I contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. Bruno, D.S. Sea surface temperature provides fundamental information on the global climate system. Kunkel, K.L.M. The surface temperature of the worlds oceans varies mainly with latitude, with the warmest waters generally near the equator and the coldest waters in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Thermal Expansion The warming of Earth is primarily due to accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, and more than 90 percent of this trapped heat is absorbed by the oceans. Sea Surface Temperature The oceans of the world are heated at the surface by the sun, and this heating is uneven for many reasons. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. 2000. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Wilson, M.L. This indicator describes global trends in sea surface temperature. For example, see: Ostrander, G.K., K.M. 1. The greenhouse effect is essential to life on Earth, but human-made emissions in the atmosphere are trapping and slowing heat loss to space. Description of Sea Surface Temperature: Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is defined as the average temperature of the top few millimeters of the ocean. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). This temperature impacts the rate of all physical, chemical, and most biological processes occurring in the ocean. . The average global sea surface temperature has been consistently higher during the past three decades than at any other time since reliable records began in 1880. Two key climate change indicators global surface temperatures and Arctic sea ice extent. The Earth emits radiation in both the infrared and microwave wavelengths, and the extent of these wavelengths varies with the temperature of the ocean. The earlier trends shown by this indicator have less certainty because of lower sampling frequency and less precise sampling methods. Water warms up and cools down at a slower rate than air, so diurnal variations (heating during the day and cooling during the night) seen in the atmosphere are hard to observe in the ocean. Real.Local.News. The global-mean surface temperature change ( T) is reported in the title. Official websites use .gov Sea surface temperature, much like the atmosphere's temperature, is constantly changing. The Short Answer: The ocean covers about 70% of Earth's surface. These cycles are caused by multiyear shifts in pressure and wind speeds, and affect ocean circulation, global weather patterns, and marine ecosystems. From 1901 through 2015, temperature rose at an average rate of 0.13F per decade (see Figure 1). Grant Abstract: Predictions of future climate change are based in part on changes seen in geological records of times with different climates. 2013. Choosing a different baseline period would not change the shape of the data over time. Comparison of measured sea surface temperatures in the Western Pacific with paleoclimate data suggests that this critical ocean region, and probably the planet as a whole, is approximately as warm now as at the Holocene maximum and within 1C of the maximum temperature of the past million years.

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