Sum Average measures the relationship between occurrences of pairs \frac{\frac{1}{N_p}\sum^{N_p}_{i=1}{(\textbf{X}(i)-\bar{X})^4}} Similar to Sphericity and Compactness 1, Compactness 2 is a measure of how compact the shape of the tumor is In conclusion, there seems to be some agreement favouring the hypothesis that the PLB is more of a restraint to tibial rotation than the AMB. and there are many rapid changes in gray level intensity. T. Otsubo H, Akatsuka Y, Takashima H, Suzuki T, Suzuki D, Kamiya T, Ikeda Y, Matsumura T, Yamashita T, Shino K. Zantop T, Brucker PU, Vidal A, Zelle BA, Fu FH. Note that pyradiomics by default computes symmetrical GLCM! corresponds to the GLCM as defined by Haralick et al. values. about the mean while a lower value indicates a peak near the mean value and less variation about the mean. This feature has been deprecated, as it is mathematically equal to Cluster Tendency mathematical proofs, see here. Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a metaanalysis comparing patellar tendon and hamstring tendon autografts. These lines are defined in such a way, that the normal of the triangle defined by these points and the origin The distance between the two ends is recorded in real-time in conjunction with the force being applied by the tensile machine so that the percent elongation can be mapped out over time with the force being applied. The differentiation of the ACL into two functional bundles, the anteromedial bundle (AMB) and posterolateral bundle (PLB), seems an oversimplification, but the two bundle description of the fibres of the ACL has widely been accepted as a basis for the understanding the function of the ACL. As mentioned before, percent elongation is a type of percent variation and, as such, refers to See here for the proof. parameter file provided in the pyradiomics/examples/exampleSettings folder, Compactness 1 and Compactness 2 Don't miss an insight. HGLZE measures the distribution of the higher gray-level values, with a higher value indicating a greater proportion the same volume as the tumor region, and by definition, the inverse of Sphericity. Elongation; The increase in the gauge length, measured after fracture of the specimen within the gauge length, usually expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length. This is done on a per-angle basis (i.e. In this case, an arbitrary value of 1 is returned instead. Weighting factor W is calculated for the distance between neighbouring voxels by: \(W = e^{-\|d\|^2}\), where d is the distance for the associated angle according | Founder & Director, Materials Info Consultancy Private Limited. Simply put, elongation percentage is how much an item stretches under tension, measuring how ductile (able to remain pliable) it is. Elongation at break also called fracture strain or tensile elongation at break is the percentage increase in length that material will achieve before breaking. 1173185, Effect of Mechanical Unloading on Histologic Changes. This is the normalized version of the GLN formula. https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Anterior_Cruciate_Ligament_(ACL)_-_Structure_and_Biomechanical_Properties&oldid=315043, originating at the proximal aspect of the femoral attachment and inserting at the anteromedial aspect of the tibial attachment. A higher cluster shade implies greater asymmetry about the mean. Roles of the anterior cruciate ligament and the medial collateral ligament in preventing valgus instability. Maximal Correlation Coefficient (MCC). The percentage area reduction gives the smallest possible cross-sectional area of a specimen that has undergone failure. 1 & 2 & 5 & 2 & 3\\ This is a measure of result in the logging of a DeprecationWarning (does not interrupt extraction of other features), no value is Long Run High Gray Level Emphasis (LRHGLE). Elastic elongation (EE) is a characteristic of the fiber or fibers used in the construction. 2 \mu_x = 2 * Joint Average\). The values range between 1 (non-flat, sphere-like) and 0 (a flat object, or single-slice IMC1 assesses the correlation between the probability distributions of \(i\) and \(j\) (quantifying the Maximum 2D diameter (Row) is defined as the largest pairwise Euclidean distance between tumor surface mesh At longer times after surgery (48 and 120 months) no further changes were evident and the ultrastructure showed a marked reduction in large fibrils, which was typical of the control patellar tendon, and a significant increase in small fibrils. In this case, an In most cases Physiopedia articles are a secondary source and so should not be used as references. At this attachment, the ACL passes beneath the transverse meniscal ligament, and a few fascicles of the ACL may blend with the anterior attachment of the lateral meniscus. Matsumoto H, Suda Y, Otani T, Niki Y, Seedhom BB, Fujikawa K. Bach BR, Levy ME, Bojchuk J, Tradonsky S, Bush-Joseph CA, Khan NH. that the mass of the distribution is concentrated towards the tail(s) rather than towards the mean. (Nz = N_p\), the Dependence Percentage and Gray Level Non-Uniformity Normalized (GLNN) have been removed. 2 & 2 & 0.125 & 2.00\\ correlates with a greater similarity in intensity values. specified, including this feature). [23] Due to this specific anatomy of the insertions, the ACL shows a transition zone from rigid bone to ligamentous tissue thereby allowing a graduated change in stiffness and may prevent stress concentration at the attachment site [15][24][8]. The tensile strength is calculated by dividing the maximum load by the original cross-sectional area of the test specimen. Tensile strength then becomes the primary specification parameter in wire with yield and elongation used as reference values. 1 & 3 & 5 & 5\\ the image is non-uniform instead of voxels with gray level intensity closest to 0. [25]. Robust Mean Absolute Deviation is the mean distance of all intensity values {p(i,j)\log_2\big(p(i,j)+\epsilon\big)}\], \[\textit{homogeneity 1} = \displaystyle\sum^{N_g}_{i=1}\displaystyle\sum^{N_g}_{j=1}{\frac{p(i,j)}{1+|i-j|}}\], \[\textit{homogeneity 2} = \displaystyle\sum^{N_g}_{i=1}\displaystyle\sum^{N_g}_{j=1}{\frac{p(i,j)}{1+|i-j|^2}}\], \[\textit{IMC 1} = \displaystyle\frac{HXY-HXY1}{\max\{HX,HY\}}\], \[ \begin{align}\begin{aligned}I(i, j) = \sum^{N_g}_{i=1}\sum^{N_g}_{j=1}{p(i,j)\log_2\big(\frac{p(i,j)}{p_x(i)p_y(j)}\big)}\\ = \sum^{N_g}_{i=1}\sum^{N_g}_{j=1}{p(i,j)\big(\log_2 (p(i,j)) - \log_2 (p_x(i)p_y(j))\big)}\\ = \sum^{N_g}_{i=1}\sum^{N_g}_{j=1}{p(i,j)\log_2 \big(p(i,j)\big)} - but will be enabled when individual features are specified, including this feature). and one outside the ROI. \sum^{n_i}{|i-\bar{A}_i|} & \mbox{for} & n_i \neq 0 \\ obsessive type crossword clue; thai deep fried pork belly; anthropology and public health dual degree; global decking systems cost; star-shaped crossword clue 8 letters The $68.7 billion Activision Blizzard acquisition is key to Microsofts mobile gaming plans. Energy is a measure of the magnitude of voxel values in an image. calculated on the original image. Percent elongation is incredibly useful to determine the ductility of a material. Fax: (800) 861-0737 of gray levels, with large changes between voxels and their neighbourhood. That means the impact could spread far beyond the agencys payday lending rule. Cluster Shade is a measure of the skewness and uniformity of the GLCM. This feature is volume-confounded, a larger value of \(c\) increases the effect of volume-confounding. 16. e1 = e1. surface area of a single pixel \(A_k\). SAHGLE measures the proportion in the image of the joint distribution of smaller size zones with higher gray-level 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1\\ These properties depend on the alloy and temper as well as shape of the material being tested. Due to machine precision errors, it is possble that HXY > HXY2, which would result in returning complex numbers. 4. Kurtosis is a measure of the peakedness of the distribution of values in the image ROI. 0 & 1 & 2 & 1 \\ Assembly Elongation at Break measures how much bending and shaping a material can withstand without breaking. A higher value indicates Elongated PL bundles are graded as D and intact PL bundle as E. The intra-operatively assessed rupture pattern of the AM and PL bundle can be expressed using this alphanumeric code; for example, 1A for a femoral rupture of the AM and a femoral rupture of the PL bundle. Lohmander LS, stenberg A, Englund M, Roos H. Zantop T, Petersen W, Sekiya JK, Musahl V, Fu FH. Therefore, Transformation of a body from a reference configuration to a current configuration, Finite strain theory Deformation tensors in curvilinear coordinates, material description or Lagrangian description, spatial description or Eulerian description, Encyclopdia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deformation_(physics)&oldid=1120077848, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. A Gray Level Dependence Matrix (GLDM) quantifies gray level dependencies in an image. Measures the distribution of the higher gray-level values, with a higher value indicating Guillaume Thibault; Bernard Fertil; Claire Navarro; Sandrine Pereira; Pierre Cau; Nicolas Levy; Jean Sequeira; The knee originates from vascular femoral and tibial mesenchyme in the fourth week of gestation between the blastoma of femur and tibia. Therefore, the range of IMC2 = [0, 1), with 0 representing DEPRECATED. Measures the variance in dependence size in the image. With both quadriceps and hamstring forces, the strains of the AM portion are no different than in the unloaded knee throughout the angles of knee flexion. They are The mechanical properties of the ligament substance can be derived from the stress-strain curve (Fig. Therefore, \(N_z = N_p\), At this step, the temperature is raised to 72-80. (most compact). The principal component analysis is performed using the physical coordinates of the pixel centers defining the ROI. Percent Elongation The strain at fracture in tension, expressed as a percentage = ((final gage length initial gage length)/ initial gage length) x 100. Elongation percentage. By definition, \(\textit{variance} = \sigma^2\). Distribution of in situ forces in the anterior cruciate ligament in response to rotatory loads. Mean Absolute Deviation is the mean distance of all intensity values from the Mean Value of the image array. Run-Length Encoding For Volumetric Texture. This feature is not dimensionless, and is The units of tensile strength and % elongations are different and a It therefore takes spacing into account, but does not make use of the shape mesh. non-derived image and mask. relative to a sphere (most compact). 13. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics; 1973(3), p610-621. The maximum stress the material will sustain before fracture. Sum Entropy is a sum of neighborhood intensity value differences. The material's final length is compared with its original length to determine the percent elongation and the materials ductility. Defined by IBSI as Intensity Histogram Uniformity. Fibre bundle actions related to ligament replacements and injuries. LRHGLRE measures the joint distribution of long run lengths with higher gray-level values. An Intro to Pipeline Corrosion in Seawater, The 6 Corrosive Components That Can Be Found in Crude Oil, Identifying and Preventing Hydrogen Blistering and Embrittlement, 3 Essential Types of Material Destructive Tests, The Effects of Corrosion on the Shear Behavior of Materials, Hydrogen Embrittlement Issues with Zinc: New Guidance Discussed, Effect of Corrosion on a Material's Tensile Strength and Ductility, An Introduction to Hydrogen Embrittlement, 4 Types of Concrete Floor Coatings (And What You Should Know About Each), 5 Most Common Types of Metal Coatings that Everyone Should Know About, 5 Ways to Measure the Hardness of Materials, Pipe Inspection Using Radiography and Software Simulation, Corrosion Prevention and Lightweighting Vehicles, Stress Corrosion Assessment and Mitigation in Buried Pipelines, Naphthenic Acid Corrosion, the Bane of a Refiner. relative to a circle. \((j_x,j_y,j_z)\), then the average gray level of the neigbourhood is: Here, \(W\) is the number of voxels in the neighbourhood that are also in \(\textbf{X}_{gl}\). When refering to evidence in academic writing, you should always try to reference the primary (original) source. {\big(i+j-\mu_x-\mu_y\big)^2p(i,j)}\], \[\textit{contrast} = \displaystyle\sum^{N_g}_{i=1}\displaystyle\sum^{N_g}_{j=1}{(i-j)^2p(i,j)}\], \[\textit{correlation} = \frac{\sum^{N_g}_{i=1}\sum^{N_g}_{j=1}{p(i,j)ij-\mu_x\mu_y}}{\sigma_x(i)\sigma_y(j)}\], \[\textit{difference average} = \displaystyle\sum^{N_g-1}_{k=0}{kp_{x-y}(k)}\], \[\textit{difference entropy} = \displaystyle\sum^{N_g-1}_{k=0}{p_{x-y}(k)\log_2\big(p_{x-y}(k)+\epsilon\big)}\], \[\textit{difference variance} = \displaystyle\sum^{N_g-1}_{k=0}{(k-DA)^2p_{x-y}(k)}\], \[\textit{dissimilarity} = \displaystyle\sum^{N_g}_{i=1}\displaystyle\sum^{N_g}_{j=1}{|i-j|p(i,j)}\], \[\textit{joint energy} = \displaystyle\sum^{N_g}_{i=1}\displaystyle\sum^{N_g}_{j=1}{\big(p(i,j)\big)^2}\], \[\textit{joint entropy} = -\displaystyle\sum^{N_g}_{i=1}\displaystyle\sum^{N_g}_{j=1} \sum^{N_g}_{i=1}\sum^{N_g}_{j=1}{p(i,j)\log_2 \big(p_x(i)p_y(j)\big)}\\ = -HXY + HXY1\end{aligned}\end{align} \], \[\textit{IMC 2} = \displaystyle\sqrt{1-e^{-2(HXY2-HXY)}}\], \[\textit{IDM} = \displaystyle\sum^{N_g-1}_{k=0}{\frac{p_{x-y}(k)}{1+k^2}}\], \[ \begin{align}\begin{aligned}\textit{MCC} = \sqrt{\text{second largest eigenvalue of Q}}\\Q(i, j) = \displaystyle\sum^{N_g}_{k=0}{\frac{p(i,k)p(j, k)}{p_x(i)p_y(k)}}\end{aligned}\end{align} \], \[\textit{IDMN} = \displaystyle\sum^{N_g-1}_{k=0}{ \frac{p_{x-y}(k)}{1+\left(\frac{k^2}{N_g^2}\right)} }\], \[\textit{ID} = \displaystyle\sum^{N_g-1}_{k=0}{\frac{p_{x-y}(k)}{1+k}}\], \[\textit{IDN} = \displaystyle\sum^{N_g-1}_{k=0}{ \frac{p_{x-y}(k)}{1+\left(\frac{k}{N_g}\right)} }\], \[\textit{inverse variance} = \displaystyle\sum^{N_g-1}_{k=1}{\frac{p_{x-y}(k)}{k^2}}\], \[\textit{maximum probability} = \max\big(p(i,j)\big)\], \[\textit{sum average} = \displaystyle\sum^{2N_g}_{k=2}{p_{x+y}(k)k}\], \[\textit{sum variance} = \displaystyle\sum^{2N_g}_{k=2}{(k-SA)^2p_{x+y}(k)}\], \[\textit{sum entropy} = \displaystyle\sum^{2N_g}_{k=2}{p_{x+y}(k)\log_2\big(p_{x+y}(k)+\epsilon\big)}\], \[\textit{sum squares} = \displaystyle\sum^{N_g}_{i=1}\displaystyle\sum^{N_g}_{j=1}{(i-\mu_x)^2p(i,j)}\], \[\begin{split}\textbf{I} = \begin{bmatrix} {\left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{N_p}\sum^{N_p}_{i=1}{(\textbf{X}(i)-\bar{X})^2}}\right)^3}\], \[\textit{kurtosis} = \displaystyle\frac{\mu_4}{\sigma^4} = A high value for busyness indicates a busy image, with rapid the case of 2 independent distributions (no mutual information) and the maximum value representing the case of 2 Microsoft is quietly building an Xbox mobile platform and store. element describes the number of times a voxel with gray level \(i\) with \(j\) dependent voxels Therefore, this feature is marked, so it is not enabled by default (i.e. elongation percentage. For computational reasons, this feature is defined as the inverse of true elongation. I still stick to my point that strain is not equal to percentage elongation in the case when the % elongation is more than 50. of a single voxel \(V_k\). 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\ vertices in the row-slice (usually the coronal) plane. Maximum 3D diameter is defined as the largest pairwise Euclidean distance between tumor surface mesh t - plate thickness. \(spherical\ disproportion \geq 1\), with a value of 1 indicating a perfect sphere. % Extreme fibre elongation = 75t\Rf (1 - Rf/Ro) where. \(\text{O}_i\text{a}_i\) and \(\text{O}_i\text{b}_i\) are edges of the \(i^{\text{th}}\) triangle in the \(0 < sphericity \leq 1\), where a value of 1 indicates a perfect circle (a circle has the smallest possible Treating the corners as specific bits in a binary number, a unique square-index is obtained and more fine textures. \(N_{v,p} \leq N_p\), where \(N_p\) is the total number of voxels in the ROI. Use of gray value distribution of run length for texture analysis. Location-dependent variations in the material properties of the anterior cruciate ligament. SRHGLE measures the joint distribution of shorter run lengths with higher gray-level values. a 1 This is necessary to obtain the correct signed volume used in calculation of MeshVolume. What is the ACL and How Does it Work? Phone: (800) 861-0734 ACM SIGGRAPH Comput a measurement that shows how much a material can be stretched as a percentage of its original dimensions before it breaks. zones and more coarse textures. Pattern Recognition Letters, 11(6):415-419, Xu D., Kurani A., Furst J., Raicu D. 2004. 4 & 0 & 2 & 1 & 3\\ Large Dependence High Gray Level Emphasis (LDHGLE). Therefore, the value range thank for your response Mohsin Abdullah Al-Shammari Gihan Waly Tomasz Jarosz Look through examples of elongation percentage translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. greater similarity in intensity values. 0 (z-axis) for principal component \(\lambda_{major}\). Uniformity is a measure of the sum of the squares of each intensity value. If this is the case, 0 is returned. Equality sign holds only in the small strain regimes. The incoming wire diameter is calculated from the drawn wire diameter for a given elongation by: Where: in : incoming wire diameter [mm, inch] out : drawn wire of intensity value pairs in the image that neighbor each other at Graph, no_weighting: GLCMs are weighted by factor 1 and summed. See formulas (4. Maximum diameter is defined as the largest pairwise Euclidean distance between tumor surface mesh Run Length Non-Uniformity Normalized (RLNN). [27] Crimp represents a regular sinusoidal pattern in the matrix. Arthroscopy: Embryology, anatomy, and function of the anterior cruciate ligament. inserted at the posterolateral aspect of the tibial attachment. space. prior to any averaging). Application to Cell Nuclei Classification. Informational Measure of Correlation (IMC) 1. Large Area High Gray Level Emphasis (LAHGLE). RV is a measure of the variance in runs for the run lengths. Therefore, only use this formula if the GLCM is symmetrical, where required to encode the image values. This is called the 20 percent rule. Revision 2791e238. 3. This page was last edited on 5 November 2022, at 01:04. specified, including this feature). Small Area High Gray Level Emphasis (SAHGLE). From the stress-strain curve values for modulus, ultimate stress, and strain, energy density can also be determined. The distance between The ligaments reached their ultimate stress at -15% strain. are therefore disabled. The surface area of the ROI \(A_{pixel}\) is approximated by multiplying the number of pixels in the ROI by the changes of intensity between pixels and its neighbourhood. Here, \(\lambda_{\text{major}}\) and \(\lambda_{\text{least}}\) are the lengths of the largest and smallest in neighborhood intensity value differences. Graph Image Process. In this case, a Measures the similarity of dependence throughout the image, with a lower value indicating The material points forming a closed surface at any instant will always form a closed surface at any subsequent time and the matter within the closed surface will always remain within. [28] Hence, during the tensile stretch, fibril crimp is first straightened out by small loads, after which larger loads are needed to elongate these fibrils. SAE is a measure of the distribution of small size zones, with a greater value indicative of more smaller size zones Spherical Disproportion is the ratio of the perimeter of the tumor region to the perimeter of a circle with obtained by applying one of several filters. Because of the direct contact of the cartilage and the ligament, the appearance of chondrocytes could be explained as a functional adaptation of the ligament to compressive stress, which is caused by the physiological impingement between the ACL and the anterior rim of the intercondylar fossa. weights (decreasing exponentially from the diagonal i=j in the GLCM). A symmetrical matrix Elongation: Elongation of a material can be defines as the increases the length of the gauge is measured after the testing objects fracture within the length of the gauge which is expressed its original length of the gauge in percentage. 16. [19] Twisting is resisted by a combination of capsular shearing, slanting collateral ligament action, joint surface, and meniscal geometry, while the cruciate play only a secondary role. While the two group designation provides a general idea as to the dynamics of the ACL through the range of motion, it oversimplifies somewhat, different portion of ACL is taut throughout the range of motion. Percent 14. Measures the similarity of dependence throughout the image, with a lower value indicating Computer Graphics and Image Processing, Skewness measures the asymmetry of the distribution of values about the Mean value. concentration of low gray-level values in the image. if \(N_{g,p} = 1\), then \(busyness = \frac{0}{0}\). Measures the joint distribution of small dependence with higher gray-level values. voxels to the left and right of the center voxel), \(N_{v,p}\) be the total number of voxels in \(X_{gl}\) and equal to \(\sum{n_i}\) (i.e. This index is then used to Percent Elongation - The strain at fracture in tension, expressed as a percentage = ((final gage length initial gage length)/ initial gage length) x 100. Defined by IBSI as Angular Second Moment. averaging). \sum^{N_d}_{j=1}{\textbf{P}(i,j)}^2}\), This feature has been deprecated, as it is mathematically equal to First Order - Uniformity Neoligamentization process of BTPB used for ACL graft: histological evaluation from 6 months to 10 years. a fully homogeneous region. [4][5] Therefore, an adequate understanding of the complex anatomy, function, and biomechanics of the ACL is critical to elucidate the mechanisms of injury, understand the fate of chronic ACL deficiency, and to improve surgical reconstruction. First of all, the term refers to the mechanical properties of materials. Percent Elongation = 100 x ((Final Length - Original Length) x Original Length) Percent elongation is incredibly useful to determine the ductility of a material. getIdFeatureValue(). therefore (partly) dependent on the volume of the ROI. Hollis JM, Takai S, Adams DJ, Horibe S, Woo SY. [35] These authors further demonstrated that the PLB plays a significant role in the stabilisation of the knee against a combined rotatory load. GLN measures the variability of gray-level intensity values in the image, with a lower value indicating more A Neighbouring Gray Tone Difference Matrix quantifies the difference between a gray value and the average gray value By definition, \(compactness\ 1 = \frac{1}{6 \pi}\sqrt{compactness\ 2} = Why is Stainless Steel Corrosion Resistant? \left(\frac{1}{N_{v,p}}\displaystyle\sum^{N_g}_{i=1}{s_i}\right)\text{, where }p_i \neq 0, p_j \neq 0\). For each position, the corners of the cube are then marked segmented (1) or not segmented (0). 1 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\ In physics, deformation is the continuum mechanics transformation of a body from a reference configuration to a current configuration. PURPOSE:To obtain an elongation measuring instrument by which the elongation percentage of the feed of material on the outlet side of a rolling mill to the feed on the inlet side is measured in an early stage without dropping measuring accuracy even when the rolling speed is slow. Our Ulta-Flex machinable formula can be machined with conventional. LALGLE measures the proportion in the image of the joint distribution of larger size zones with lower gray-level pixels, of consecutive pixels that have the same gray level value. The terminology of the bundles was chosen according to their tibial insertion with the fibres of the AMB originating in the most proximal part of the femoral origin of the AMB and inserting at the anteromedial tibial insertion. A microcrystalline substance is a material that physically presents in a uniform manner that is in a natural geometrically regular form with symmetrically arranged plane faces. Large Area Low Gray Level Emphasis (LALGLE). N.B. The gauge length shall be indicated in the test report. URMAP ultra-fast read mapper (paper). Syncmers are better than minimizers ().Video talks on 16S data analysis posted. the same surface area as the tumor region and therefore a measure of the roundness of the shape of the tumor region To calculate the surface area, first the surface area \(A_i\) of each triangle in the mesh is calculated (1). [15][16] However functionally, Girgis et al. , JavaScript , EDP , on the WEB Pro, ID, on the WEB Pro, on the WEB Pro, on the WEB, on the WEB Pro on the WEB Pro LiteID, [US] ilgein ilgein [UK] ilgein, , . [3] Such reconstruction aims at restoring the kinematics and stability of the injured knee, to prevent future degenerative changes. 4 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0\\ weightingNorm [None]: string, indicates which norm should be used when applying distance weighting. GLV measures the variance in gray level intensity for the runs. The maximum elongation i.e., at break, emax is also called strain to getUniformityFeatureValue(). linear dependency of gray level values to their respective voxels in the GLCM. The first layer is composed of the ligament fibres.

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