Franco Della Peruta argues in favour of close links between the operas and the Risorgimento, emphasizing Verdi's patriotic intent and links to the values of the Risorgimento. Another story involves the exile of a group of brothers from the Drengot family. With Norman mercenaries on both sides, they would obtain good terms for the release of their brethren from their captors regardless of outcome.[22]. Many leaders of the unification movement were at one time or other members of this organization. This pitted him against Richard, who was supported by Gregory VII. [40], The encastellation of Sicily was begun at the behest of the native Greek inhabitants. In Venice, the polychoral productions of the Venetian School, and associated instrumental music, moved north into Germany; in Florence, the Florentine Camerata developed monody, the important precursor to opera, which itself first appeared around 1600; and the avant-garde, manneristic style of the Ferrara school, which migrated to Naples and elsewhere through the music of Carlo Gesualdo, was to be the final statement of the polyphonic vocal music of the Renaissance. See also Gombrich, 140, commenting in 1968 that no such analysis was feasible at that time. In June Richard briefly besieged Naples; Richard, Robert and Sergius soon began negotiations with Gregory, mediated by Desiderius of Montecassino. Robert's son Bohemond and his brother Roger of Sicily attacked Amalfi in 1097, but were repulsed. Cavour, terrified of Garibaldi provoking a war with France, persuaded Garibaldi to instead use his forces in the Sicilian rebellions. This process of isolation from the Eastern Empire and connection with the Western world of France and Germany, which had started three centuries before, was completed at the beginning of the 9th centuries. Soon, Charles Albert, the King of Sardinia (who ruled Piedmont and Savoy), urged by the Venetians and Milanese to aid their cause, decided this was the moment to unify Italy and declared war on Austria (First Italian Independence War). On 22 October 1867, the revolutionaries inside Rome seized control of the Capitoline Hill and of Piazza Colonna. The age of Charlemagne was one of stability for Italy, though it was generally dominated by non-Italian interests. ", Maurizio Isabella, "Aristocratic Liberalism and Risorgimento: Cesare Balbo and Piedmontese Political Thought after 1848. The popes also became increasingly secular rulers as the Papal States were forged into a centralized power by a series of "warrior popes". In 1293 the Ordinances of Justice were enacted which effectively became the constitution of the republic of Florence throughout the Italian Renaissance. A feature of the High Middle Ages in Northern Italy was the rise of the urban communes which had broken from the control by bishops and local counts. In 756 Frankish forces defeated the Lombards and gave the Papacy legal authority over all of central Italy, thus creating the Papal States. "Austria versus the Risorgimento: A New Look at Austria's Italian strategy in the 1860s.". The survivors retreated to the positions of those led by Garibaldi on the Italian border. Before leaving, he built a fortress at San Marco d'Alunzio (the first Norman castle in Sicily). When in 960 Berengar attacked the Papal States, King Otto, summoned by Pope John XII, conquered the Kingdom of Italy and on 2 February 962 had himself crowned Holy Roman Emperor at Rome reviving the empire of Charlemagne. The Renaissance reached to an end in the late sixteenth mid seventeenth century. 860 vsque ad 1102, "On the Origins of William the Conqueror's Horse Transports. The resulting labour shortage increased wages and the reduced population was therefore much wealthier, better fed, and, significantly, had more surplus money to spend on luxury goods. It was a critical opportunity for the unification movement. This made north Italy a land of quasi-independent or independent city-states until the 19th century (see Italian city-states and history of every city). Learn how and when to remove this template message, Atenulf, brother of Pandulf III of Benevento, "Il Mezzogiorno agli inizi dell'XI secolo", Leeds University Medieval History Texts Centre, De rebus gestis Rogerii Calabriae et Siciliae comitis et Roberti Guiscardi ducis fratris eius, Rerum in regno Neapolitano gestarum breve chronicon, ab anno sal. The first episode was the Investiture Controversy. Before the powers could respond to the founding of the Roman Republic, Charles Albert, whose army had been trained by the exiled Polish general Albert Chrzanowski, renewed the war with Austria. Ippolito Nievo is another main representative of Risorgimento with his novel Confessioni d'un italiano; he fought with Giuseppe Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand. [48][49], Visual appearance of a creative work, shared with other works of the same movement or school, "Art style" redirects here. Robert undertook his first Balkan expedition in May 1081, leaving Brindisi with about 16,000 troops. In Italy, during the 14th century, there was an explosion of musical activity that corresponded in scope and level of innovation to the activity in the other arts. [7] Whether the artist makes a conscious choice of style, or can identify his own style, hardly matters. He was a modernizer interested in agrarian improvements, banks, railways and free trade. Guaimar proclaimed himself Duke of Apulia and Calabria, although he was never formally invested as such by the Holy Roman Emperor. Garibaldi's irregular bands of about 25,000 men could not drive away the king or take the fortresses of Capua and Gaeta without the help of the Sardinian army. Northern Italian Renaissance Painting. In, Rollyson, Carl Rollyson. The settlement, by which Lombardy was annexed to Sardinia, left Austria in control of Venice. The Renaissance later had a significant effect on Rome, which was ornamented with some structures in the new all'antico mode, then was largely rebuilt by humanist 16th-century popes. The Norman conquest of southern Italy began an infusion of Romanesque (specifically Norman) architecture. [4] In some artists, such as Picasso for example, these divisions may be marked and easy to see; in others, they are more subtle. [26] Shortly thereafter he married the daughter of another Norman lord, who gave him 200 knights (furthering his military campaign in Calabria). He negotiated with the Emperor Napoleon for the removal of the French troops from Rome through a treaty. Textiles and the Medieval Economy: Production, Trade, and Consumption of Textiles, 8th16th Centuries. Although style was well-established as a central component of art historical analysis, seeing it as the over-riding factor in art history had fallen out of fashion by World War II, as other ways of looking at art were developing,[21] as well as a reaction against the emphasis on style; for Svetlana Alpers, "the normal invocation of style in art history is a depressing affair indeed". The Kingdom was created on Christmas Day, 1130, by RogerII of Sicily, with the agreement of Pope Innocent II, who united the lands Roger had inherited from his father RogerI of Sicily. On land, decades of fighting saw Florence, Milan, and Venice emerge as the dominant players, and these three powers finally set aside their differences and agreed to the Peace of Lodi in 1454, which saw relative calm brought to the region for the first time in centuries. These successful revolutions, which adopted the tricolore in place of the Papal flag, quickly spread to cover all the Papal Legations, and their newly installed local governments proclaimed the creation of a united Italian nation. The Byzantine Empire ruled most of Eastern and Southern Europe throughout the Middle Ages. The Renaissance was a golden age of pomp and celebration as the wealthy attempted to outdo each other in public displays. [12] The Italian national colours appeared for the first time on a tricolour cockade in 1789,[13] anticipating by seven years the first green, white and red Italian military war flag, which was adopted by the Lombard Legion in 1796.[14]. Some originated as terms of derision, including Gothic, Baroque, and Rococo. [1] In some fields, a Proto-Renaissance, beginning around 1250, is typically accepted. They agreed to the September Convention in September 1864, by which Napoleon agreed to withdraw the troops within two years. Because Sicily was conquered by a unified command, Roger's authority was not challenged by other conquerors and he maintained power over his Greek, Arab, Lombard and Norman subjects. Both sets of principalities were de facto independent, but paid nominal allegiance to Byzantium. Verdi later became disillusioned by politics, but he was personally active part in the political world of events of the Risorgimento and was elected to the first Italian parliament in 1861. From the early 15th century to the middle of the 16th century, the centre of innovation in religious music was in the Low Countries, and a flood of talented composers came to Italy from this region. The Renaissance began in Italy, the birthplace of the Roman Empire. [13], Giorgio Vasari set out a hugely influential but much-questioned account of the development of style in Italian painting (mainly) from Giotto to his own Mannerist period. The works of Antiquity were translated from Greek and Latin into the contemporary modern languages throughout Europe, finding a receptive middle-class audience, which might be, like Shakespeare, "with little Latin and less Greek". Basil entered the city on 11 June 1011, reestablishing Byzantine authority. The Normans rapidly began the construction, expansion and renovation of castles in southern Italy. The term risorgimento (Rising again) refers to the domestic reorganization of the stratified Italian identity into a unified, national front. On 23 February 1848, King Louis Philippe of France was forced to flee Paris, and a republic was proclaimed. The Italian Renaissance (Italian: Rinascimento [rinaimento]) was a period in Italian history covering the 15th and 16th centuries. Dudo's account, however, probably adds no historically reliable information to the brief contemporary annals. However, the emperor was an absentee German-speaking foreigner who had little concern for the governance of Italy as a state; as a result, Italy gradually developed into a system of city-states. The largest Italian state, the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, with its 8 million inhabitants, seemed aloof and indifferent: Sicily and Naples had once formed part of Spain, and it had always been foreign to the rest of Italy. Vincenzo Bellini was a secret member of the Carbonari and in his masterpiece I puritani (The Puritans), the last part of Act 2 is an allegory to Italian unification. With Charlemagne's conquest of 774, the north of Italy was politically separated from the south completely. Most devastating, though, was the Black Death that decimated the populations of the densely populated cities of Northern Italy and returned at intervals thereafter. Food changed very little for the lower classes in Renaissance, which still relied on course dark bread, beans, pasta, or buckwheat polenta. Although Petar was ransomed by the Bishop of Cres, he died shortly afterwards and was buried in the church of Saint Stephen in the Fortress of Klis. Ferdinand abolished the constitution and began systematically persecuting known revolutionaries. The armies met at the Ofanto near Cannae, the site of Hannibal's victory over the Romans in 216 BC, and the Battle of Cannae was a decisive Byzantine victory;[22] Amatus wrote that only ten Normans survived from a contingent of 250. ", Chalandon, i, 124; Migne Pat. The Irredentists took language as the test of the alleged Italian nationality of the countries they proposed to emancipate, which were Trentino, Trieste, Dalmatia, Istria, Gorizia, Ticino, Nice (Nizza), Corsica, and Malta. Mercenaries were also a constant threat to their employers; if not paid, they often turned on their patron. The king's regent, prince Charles Albert, acting while the king Charles Felix was away, approved a new constitution to appease the revolutionaries, but when the king returned he disavowed the constitution and requested assistance from the Holy Alliance. [39] Mannerism, derived from the Italian maniera ("manner") is a specific phase of the general Renaissance style, but "manner" can be used very widely. However, Anthimus was unable to control the cities under his rule, Gaeta and Amalfi. The Crusades had built lasting trade links to the Levant, and the Fourth Crusade had done much to destroy the Byzantine Roman Empire as a commercial rival to the Venetians and Genoese. By the late 16th century Italy was the musical centre of Europe. In 1073 Sergius III of Amalfi died, leaving the infant John III as his successor. Get the latest news and analysis in the stock market today, including national and world stock market news, business news, financial news and more [42] Sherds of pottery are often very numerous in sites from many cultures and periods, and even small pieces may be confidently dated by their style. [30] The next year, however, saw a pro-Medici Signoria elected and Cosimo returned. The new mercantile governing class, who gained their position through financial skill, adapted to their purposes the feudal aristocratic model that had dominated Europe in the Middle Ages. Garibaldi declared that he would enter Rome as a victor or perish beneath its walls. On 28 August the two forces met in the Aspromonte. Elizabeth Lehfeldt (2005) points to the Black Death as a turning point in Europe that set in motion several movements that were gaining massive traction in the years before, and has accounted for many subsequent events and trends in Western civilization, such as the Reformation. Indeed, Conrad could stable his rule, however, the Imperial supremacy in Italy remained contested. Warfare between the states was common, invasion from outside Italy was confined to intermittent sorties of Holy Roman Emperors. -Leo Strauss, Bayer, Andrea. The withdrawal of Byzantine armies allowed another Germanic people, the Lombards, to invade Italy. An upper-class figure would control hundreds of times more income than a servant or labourer. While the Italian Renaissance was fading, the Northern Renaissance adopted many of its ideals and transformed its styles. [44] His brief rule saw many works of art destroyed in the "Bonfire of the Vanities" in the centre of Florence. The Renaissance era in Italy is mainly famous because of the various achievements in art and culture. Plot. At first he warred with his Lombard neighbours, who included Pandulf VI of Capua, Atenulf I of Gaeta and Gisulf II of Salerno. Meanwhile, Prussian Minister President Otto von Bismarck saw that his own ends in the war had been achieved, and signed an armistice with Austria on 27 July. Luxury goods bought in the Levant, such as spices, dyes, and silks were imported to Italy and then resold throughout Europe. Soon, Renaissance architects favoured grand, large domes over tall and imposing spires, doing away with the Gothic style of the predating ages. However, its anticlerical provisions were resented in the pro-clerical regions in places such as around Venice, Rome, and Naples as well as the island of Sicily. Some sources have Guaimar sending emissaries to Normandy to bring back knights, and this account of the arrival of the Normans is sometimes known as the "Salerno (or Salernitan) tradition". Joranson, 373. This conflict, known as the Gothic Wars, destroyed much of the town life that had survived the barbarian invasions. According to Amatus: For the Normans never desired any of the Lombards to win a decisive victory, in case this should be to their disadvantage. The national capital was briefly moved to Florence and finally to Rome, one of the cases of Piedmont losing out. Italy became the recognized European leader in all these areas by the late 15th century, during the era of the Peace of Lodi (14541494) agreed between Italian states. Style is often divided into the general style of a period, country or cultural group, group of artists or art movement, and the individual style of the artist within that group style. Hall, a leading art historian of 16th-century Italian painting and mentee of Sydney Joseph Freedberg (19141997), who invented the term, was criticised by a reviewer of her After Raphael: Painting in Central Italy in the Sixteenth Century for her "fundamental flaw" in continuing to use this and other terms, despite an apologetic "Note on style labels" at the beginning of the book and a promise to keep their use to a minimum.[26]. "[7], The Habsburg rule in Italy came to an end with the campaigns of the French Revolutionaries in 179297 when a series of client republics were set up. Loud and Diane Milburn). [22] According to James Elkins "In the later 20th century criticisms of style were aimed at further reducing the Hegelian elements of the concept while retaining it in a form that could be more easily controlled". [86], Revisionism of Risorgimento produced a clear radicalization of Italy in the mid-20th century, following the fall of the Savoy monarchy and fascism during World War II. Wars, famines, and disease epidemics had a dramatic effect on the demographics of Italy. Jurdjevic, Mark. Joranson, 367, finds such hypotheses "unworkable.". Image credit: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons. [2] It refers to the visual appearance of a work of art that relates it to other works by the same artist or one from the same period, training, location, "school", art movement or archaeological culture: "The notion of style has long been the art historian's principal mode of classifying works of art. The increase in trade during the early Renaissance enhanced these characteristics. After the Battle of Civitate, the Normans began the conquest of the Adriatic coast of Benevento. His courage boosted by his resolute young wife, Queen Marie Sophie, Francis mounted a stubborn defence that lasted three months. In the course of the 15th century, the most powerful city-states annexed their smaller neighbors. ", Carlotta Sorba, "Between cosmopolitanism and nationhood: Italian opera in the early nineteenth century. ", "Coinage, Wealth and Plunder in the Age of Robert Guiscard.". [10][11] This event is celebrated by the Tricolour Day. This chronology is also unclear. In September 1042, the three principal Norman groups held a council in Melfi which included Ranulf Drengot, Guaimar IV and William Iron Arm. Southern Italy, however, was governed by the long-lasting Kingdom of Sicily or Kingdom of Naples, which had been established by the Normans. The German king (Rex Romanorum) would be crowned by the Archbishop of Milan with the Iron Crown in Pavia as a prelude to the visit to Rome to be crowned Emperor by the Pope.[24][25]. On February 25, 493 Theodoric the Great defeated Odoacer and became the king of the Ostrogoths. With the printing of books initiated in Venice by Aldus Manutius, an increasing number of works began to be published in the Italian language in addition to the flood of Latin and Greek texts that constituted the mainstream of the Italian Renaissance. These five powers were the Venetian Republic, the Republic of Florence, the Duchy of Milan and the Papal States, dominating the northern and central parts of Italy and the Kingdom of Naples in the south.[5][6]. It also did not pay taxes, making the Church's wealth even more than some kings.[14]. This more expansive definition of the unification period is the one presented at the Central Museum of the Risorgimento at the Vittoriano.[3][4]. The Mediterranean and the Near East was just one part of a much larger, interconnected ancient world. Other accounts trace the end of the Italian Renaissance to the French invasions of the early 16th century and the subsequent conflict between France and Spanish rulers for control of Italian territory. [47] Along with many other Renaissance works, The Prince remains a relevant and influential work of literature today. They were ultimately betrayed by one of their party, the Corsican Pietro Boccheciampe, and by some peasants who believed them to be Turkish pirates. Amalfi probably surrendered as a result of her negotiations,[33] and Salerno fell when she stopped petitioning her husband on behalf of her brother (the prince of Salerno). The period following the Beneventan civil war was one of confusion, brought on by the independence movements in the various cities and provinces and by the Saracen onslaught. Verdi started as a republican, became a strong supporter of Cavour and entered the Italian parliament on Cavour's suggestion. The Shape of Time: Remarks on the History of Things, "Review of The Signature Style of Frans Hals: Painting, Subjectivity, and the Market in Early Modernity", https://museumsandcollections.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/2942274/13_Ritchie_Gainsboroughs-signature-22.pdf, "Pop art | Characteristics, Definition, Style, Movement, Types, Artists, Paintings, Prints, Examples, Lichtenstein, & Facts", Christie's "Explanation of Cataloguing Practice" (after lot listings), "Computers Match Humans in Understanding Art", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Style_(visual_arts)&oldid=1106464601, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. During the late 9th century the amount of territory under direct Byzantine rule (which in the early 9th century was limited to the toe and heel of the peninsula) expanded dramatically. The Austrians were defeated at the Battle of Magenta on 4 June and pushed back to Lombardy. He was quickly defeated by Radetzky at Novara on 23 March 1849. Italian scientists such as Falloppio, Tartaglia, Galileo and Torricelli played key roles in the Scientific Revolution, and foreigners such as Copernicus and Vesalius worked in Italian universities. Historiographers have proposed various events and dates of the 17th century, such as the conclusion of the European wars of religion in 1648, as marking the end of the Renaissance.[4]. Roger Osborne[42] argues that "The Renaissance is a difficult concept for historians because the history of Europe quite suddenly turns into a history of Italian painting, sculpture and architecture.". The first elected ruler of Amalfi was a prefect appearing in 839, simultaneous with the death of Sicard and the appearance of a Gaetan hyaptus. Italian irredentism obtained an important result after the First World War, when Italy gained Trieste, Gorizia, Istria, and the city of Zara. "[58], Mazzini was discontented with the perpetuation of monarchical government and continued to agitate for a republic. On 24 April 1135 a Pisan fleet with 8,000 reinforcements, captained by Robert of Capua, anchored in Naples and the duchy was the centre of the revolt against Roger II for the next two years. Figures such as Copernicus, Francis Bacon, Descartes, and Galileo made contributions to scientific thought and experimentation, paving the way for the scientific revolution that later flourished in Northern Europe. [19] There, they met the Beneventan primates (leading men): Landulf V of Benevento, Pandulf IV of Capua, (possibly) Guaimar III of Salerno and Melus of Bari. Renaissance thinkers began to question the idea of assigned power and the Churchs role in their relationship with God, as well as their increasingly secularised conduct. Naples, in particular, had a history of differences with Byzantium and had in the past sought to make herself dependent on other authorities, often papal. In 1078 Robert allied with Jordan of Capua to ravage the Papal Abruzzo, but after a 1080 treaty with Pope Gregory VII they were obligated to respect papal territory. Particularly detrimental was the fact that most of the victims were young adults in their prime working years, which left behind an "hourglass" population structure comprised heavily of children and older people with fewer in-between. Having conquered Sicily, Garibaldi proceeded to the mainland, crossing the Strait of Messina with the Neapolitan fleet at hand. How Did The Renaissance Influence American Culture And Society Exist Today 143 Words | 1 Pages. Get time period newsletters, special offers and weekly programme release emails. Machiavelli later quoted four verses from Italia Mia in The Prince, which looked forward to a political leader who would unite Italy "to free her from the barbarians".[5]. Henry's Salian successor Conrad II tried to confirm his dominion against Archbishop Aribert of Milan and other Italian aristocrats (seniores). [28] Humphrey's first challenge was to deal with papal opposition to the Normans. The Austrians planned to use their army to beat the Sardinians before the French could come to their aid. In August 1071, the Normans began a second and successful siege of Palermo. Passianos and Melus met on the Fortore at Arenula; the battle was either indecisive (William of Apulia) or a victory for Melus (Leo of Ostia and Amatus). In the city-states of Italy, these laws were repealed or rewritten.[16]. Baron, Hans. From France, Germany, and the Low Countries, through the medium of the Champagne fairs, land and river trade routes brought goods such as wool, wheat, and precious metals into the region. [6][7], The Salerno tradition was first recorded by Amatus of Montecassino in his Ystoire de li Normant between 1071 and 1086. The revival of classical antiquity can best be illustrated by the Palazzo Rucellai. [3], Other contact between Italy and the Viking world occurred via Eastern Scandinavians coming to Italy via the Austrvegr (the river routes from the Baltic to the Black Sea) and working as Varangian mercenaries fighting for Byzantium. On 2 February 1849, at a political rally held in the Apollo Theater, a young Roman priest, the Abb Carlo Arduini, had made a speech in which he had declared that the temporal power of the popes was a "historical lie, a political imposture, and a religious immorality". However, they still were a time of joyous celebration, and guests often expected to be well fed and entertained. Da Vittore (189-199) a Liberio (352-366)", "Breve cronologia degli attacchi saraceni (termine con cui si designano gli attacchi arabo-islamici del primo millennio) nel Mediterraneo, nella penisola italiana, in quella ispanica, in Provenza e sulle Alpi", "La lunga decadenza dell'Impero Bizantino", Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages&oldid=1116634665, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 October 2022, at 15:31. Pizzo says Verdi was part of this movement, for his operas were inspired by the love of country, the struggle for Italian independence, and speak to the sacrifice of patriots and exiles. See hot celebrity videos, E! In Chinese art it is just as deeply held, but traditionally regarded as a factor in the appreciation of some types of art, above all calligraphy and literati painting, but not others, such as Chinese porcelain;[34] a distinction also often seen in the so-called decorative arts in the West. [1], Some modern scholars have connected this event with a much later account by the infamously unreliable Dudo of Saint-Quentin, who had a Viking fleet led by one Alstingus land at the Ligurian port of Luni and sacking the city. It was also in the interest of mercenaries on both sides to prolong any conflict, to continue their employment. The duke returned to Calabria in 1060, primarily to launch a Sicilian expedition. It was in a war with Naples that Duke Andrew II first called in Saracen mercenaries. Although the conquest of Sicily was primarily military, Robert and Roger also signed treaties with the Muslims to obtain land. The reverence for classical sources further enshrined the Aristotelian and Ptolemaic views of the universe. He opened a newspaper as soon as censorship allowed it: Il Risorgimento called for the independence of Italy, a league of Italian princes, and moderate reforms. Meanwhile, the wealthy Italians of the Renaissance, especially the Medici family, would begin to break away from the eating traditions of old and create what arguably is the basis for modern gourmet cuisine. In June 1063 he defeated a Muslim army at the Battle of Cerami, securing the Norman foothold on the island. Garibaldi was recalled from his successful march and resigned with a brief telegram reading only "Obbedisco" ("I obey"). On 20 September, after a cannonade of three hours had breached the Aurelian Walls at Porta Pia, the Bersaglieri entered Rome and marched down Via Pia, which was subsequently renamed Via XX Settembre. Tragically for the Bandiera brothers, they did not find the insurgent band they were told awaited them, so they moved towards La Sila. Cosimo was also an important patron of the arts, directly and indirectly, by the influential example he set. France was a potential ally, and the patriots realized they had to focus all their attention on expelling Austria first, with a willingness to give the French whatever they wanted in return for essential military intervention. The Renaissance author Giorgio Vasari used the term rinascita 'rebirth' in his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects in 1550, but the concept became widespread only in the 19th century, after the work of scholars such as Jules Michelet and Jacob Burckhardt. His major work was the Decameron, a collection of 100 stories told by ten storytellers who have fled to the outskirts of Florence to escape the black plague over ten nights. Page 58. Even in art that is in general attempting mimesis or "realism", a degree of stylization is very often found in details, and especially figures or other features at a small scale, such as people or trees etc.

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